Computer organization and design risc-v edition pdf download

About Elsevier. Set via JS. Authors: John Hennessy David Patterson. Paperback ISBN: Imprint: Morgan Kaufmann. Published Date: 23rd November Page Count: Sorry, this product is currently unavailable.

Sorry, this product is currently out of stock. Flexible - Read on multiple operating systems and devices. Easily read eBooks on smart phones, computers, or any eBook readers, including Kindle. Institutional Subscription. Tax Exempt Orders. Support Center. Online Companion Materials. Textbook Support for Instructors.

Free Shipping Free global shipping No minimum order. Powered by. Show all reviews. That program, he says, transformed the evolution of science in Israel.

Its organizers didn't steer the selected young engineers and scientists into particular fields. Instead, they let them pursue any type of graduate studies in any Western nation.

Ziv planned to continue working in communications, but he was no longer interested in just the hardware. He had recently read Information Theory Prentice-Hall, , one of the earliest books on the subject , by Stanford Goldman, and he decided to make information theory his focus.

And where else would one study information theory but MIT, where Claude Shannon, the field's pioneer, had started out? Ziv arrived in Cambridge, Mass. His Ph. So if you invest the computational effort, you can know you are approaching the best outcome possible. Ziv contrasts that certainty with the uncertainty of a deep-learning algorithm. It may be clear that the algorithm is working, but nobody really knows whether it is the best result possible. He found this work less beautiful.

That is why I didn't go into real computer science. Then in , with several other coworkers, he joined the faculty of Technion. Jacob Ziv with glasses , who became chair of Technion's electrical engineering department in the s, worked earlier on information theory with Moshe Zakai. The two collaborated on a paper describing what became known as the Ziv-Zakai bound. The state of the art in lossless data compression at the time was Huffman coding.

This approach starts by finding sequences of bits in a data file and then sorting them by the frequency with which they appear. Then the encoder builds a dictionary in which the most common sequences are represented by the smallest number of bits.

This is the same idea behind Morse code: The most frequent letter in the English language, e, is represented by a single dot, while rarer letters have more complex combinations of dots and dashes.

It requires two passes through a data file: one to calculate the statistical features of the file, and the second to encode the data. And storing the dictionary along with the encoded data adds to the size of the compressed file.

Ziv and Lempel wondered if they could develop a lossless data-compression algorithm that would work on any kind of data, did not require preprocessing, and would achieve the best compression for that data, a target defined by something known as the Shannon entropy. It was unclear if their goal was even possible. They decided to find out. The two came up with the idea of having the algorithm look for unique sequences of bits at the same time that it's compressing the data, using pointers to refer to previously seen sequences.

This approach requires only one pass through the file, so it's faster than Huffman coding. Let's say that first incoming bit is a 1. Now, since you have only one bit, you have never seen it in the past, so you have no choice but to transmit it as is. So you enter into your dictionary Say the next bit is a 0. So in your dictionary you now have and also Here's where the pointer comes in.

The next time that the stream of bits includes a or a , the software doesn't transmit those bits. Instead it sends a pointer to the location where that sequence first appeared, along with the length of the matched sequence. The number of bits that you need for that pointer is very small. If the program appeared more than once, they didn't republish the synopsis.

They just said, go back to page x. Hennessy is a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Stanford University, where he has been a member of the faculty since and was, from to , its tenth President.

He has also received seven honorary doctorates. We are always looking for ways to improve customer experience on Elsevier. We would like to ask you for a moment of your time to fill in a short questionnaire, at the end of your visit.

If you decide to participate, a new browser tab will open so you can complete the survey after you have completed your visit to this website. Thanks in advance for your time. About Elsevier. Set via JS. Authors: David Patterson John Hennessy. Imprint: Morgan Kaufmann. Published Date: 13th April Page Count: Flexible - Read on multiple operating systems and devices.

Easily read eBooks on smart phones, computers, or any eBook readers, including Kindle. This is in addition to the continuous infusion of insulin throughout the day, known as the basal rate, which is varied every 5 minutes, according to the person's insulin needs. The Minimed G artificial pancreas, a hybrid system, manages metabolic insulin dosages——it modulates the basal rate but does not administer correction boluses.

It is descended from the first such system approved for general use. Control-IQ still requires some involvement from the user. Its hybrid control system asks the person to push a button saying "I am eating" and then enter the estimated amount of carbohydrates; the person can also push a button saying "I am exercising.

Thus, we can say that today's controllers can be used for full control, but they work better as hybrids. The system has a dedicated safety module that either stops or slowly attenuates the flow of insulin whenever the system predicts low blood glucose. Also, it gradually increases insulin dosing overnight, avoiding the tendency toward morning highs and aiming for normalized glucose levels by 7 a.

The six-month trial tested Control-IQ against the standard treatment, in which the patient does all the work, using information from a glucose monitor to operate an insulin pump. Participants using Control-IQ spent 11 percent more time in the target blood-glucose range and cut in half—from 2. In December , the FDA authorized the clinical use of Control-IQ for patients 14 and up, and our system thus became the first "interoperable automated insulin-dosing controller," one that can connect to various insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors.

Patients can now customize their artificial pancreases. Medtronic MiniMed G. Beta Bionics. Bigfood Biomedical. DreaMed Diabetes. Inreda Diabetic. Eli Lilly and Ypsomed. Then there are the many, many DIY projects underway. The FDA approval came almost 14 years to the day after the expert in that Maryland conference room stated that the problem was unsolvable.

A month after the approval, Control-IQ was released to users of Tandem's insulin pump as an online software upgrade. And in June , following another successful clinical trial in children with type 1 diabetes between 6 and 13 years old, the FDA approved Control-IQ for ages 6 and up.

Children can benefit from this technology more than any other age group because they are the least able to manage their own insulin dosages. In April , we published an analysis of 9, people using Control-IQ for one year, and this real-life data confirmed the results of the earlier trials. As of 1 September , Control-IQ is used by over , people with diabetes in 21 countries. To date, these people have logged over 30 million days on this system. One parent wrote Tandem about how eight weeks on the Control-IQ had drastically reduced his son's average blood-glucose concentration.

Progress toward better automatic control will be gradual; we anticipate a smooth transition from hybrid to full autonomy, when the patient never intervenes.

Work is underway on using faster-acting insulins that are now in clinical trials. This article appears in the December print issue as "Creating the Artificial Pancreas. Explore by topic. The Magazine The Institute. IEEE Spectrum. Our articles, podcasts, and infographics inform our readers about developments in technology, engineering, and science. Join IEEE. A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.

Enjoy more free content and benefits by creating an account Create an account to access more content and features on IEEE Spectrum, including the ability to save articles to read later , download Spectrum Collections , and participate in conversations with readers and editors.

Topic News Type Computing. Tests suggest it is six times faster than other comparable processors. Test chip showing a core Snitch system. Related Stories. Topic Type Semiconductors Analysis. Topic Aerospace News Type.

Topic Magazine Biomedical Type Feature. This wearable device senses blood glucose and administers insulin accordingly. In practice, however, finding a solution is hard for three main reasons: Insulin-action delay : In the body, insulin is secreted in the pancreas and shunted directly into the bloodstream.